Generated by All in One SEO v5.0.1.1, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Union Penumbra An interdisciplinary journal of critical and creative inquiry ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://unionpenumbra.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [](https://unionpenumbra.org/2016/05/564/) - Special Issue: Exploring Martin Luther King Jr. Legacy Studies Volume 8, Issue 1 Summer 2021 Penumbra-Vol-7-Fall-2020-1Download ## Pages - [Submissions](https://unionpenumbra.org/guidelines/) - Penumbra: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Critical and Creative Inquiry, a peer-reviewed, online journal of Union Institute & University’s Ph.D. in Interdisciplinary Studies program, is seeking submissions for its next issue. We have instituted a rolling submission policy; however, to be considered for volume eight the deadline is February 15, 2021. Penumbra aims to promote social - [Past Issues](https://unionpenumbra.org/past-issues/) - . - [About](https://unionpenumbra.org/about/) - Penumbra is the official, refereed, scholarly journal of Union Institute & University’s Ph.D. Program in Interdisciplinary Studies. The journal is published at regular intervals and dedicated to challenging traditional academic and creative disciplinary boundaries in the context of social change. Penumbra’s purpose is to promote theoretically informed engagements with concrete issues and problems. The journal - [Order Print Copies](https://unionpenumbra.org/order-print-copies/) - Issue 1 (coming soon) Issue 2 (coming soon) Issue 3 (coming soon) Issue 4 Issue 5 Issue 6 Volume 7 - [Articles](https://unionpenumbra.org/articles/) - [Editorial Board](https://unionpenumbra.org/editorial-board/) - Diane Allerdyce Union Institute & University Shelley Armitage University of Texas at El Paso, Emerita Anthony Bogues Brown University Nancy Boxill Union Institute & University Myriam Chancy University of Cincinnati Richard Couto† University of Richmond Vicki Crawford Morehouse College Toni Gregory † Union Institute & University Sylvia Hill University of the District of Columbia Betty ## Articles - [Nashville Organized for Action and Hope: A Representation of the Beloved Community](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/nashville-organized-for-action-and-hope-a-representation-of-the-beloved-community/) - In one of my many sermonic discourses, I urgently and adamantly proclaimed: We are called to be one people, but despite our calling, there has always been one wall or another separating and dividing us. For we are separated and divided by walls of doctrinal dissent and denominational decisions; economic class and educational background; and - [Note from the Editor](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/note-from-the-editor-2/) - I want to welcome you to this inaugural special issue of Penumbra, “Exploring Martin Luther King Jr. Legacy Studies.” This is, I hope, a start to exploring the rich and diverse scholarship emerging from the Interdisciplinary Studies Ph.D. program at the Union Institute & University. Union’s Ph.D. program brings together not only diverse scholars, but - [A Vision of the Promised Land: The Enduring Legacy of MLK’s Grassroots Campaign for Economic Justice](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/a-vision-of-the-promised-land-the-enduring-legacy-of-mlks-grassroots-campaign-for-economic-justice/) - Introduction The life and legacy of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. demonstrate that there is an inextricable link between civil rights and silver rights. The issue of economic justice has been both a political and spiritual concern. Discussions of poverty and economic exploitation have been synonymous with the demands of justice and righteousness for - [Leadership in Prison Educational Programs at HBCUs](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/leadership-in-prison-educational-programs-at-hbcus/) - Now is the time for all Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) to offer degrees to persons behind the New Jim Crow era wall. I read with great anticipation the article “Correctional education: ‘America’s balm of Gilead,’ by Dr. Tracy Andrus. He is a Ph.D. who currently serves as Director of the Lee P. Brown - [Youth Movements Tackle “Big Man” Leadership in the Democratic Republic of Congo](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/youth-movements-tackle-big-man-leadership-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/) - In the overnight hours of January 9, 2019, Felix Tshisekedi was proclaimed the fifth president of the Democratic Republic of Congo. While there remain unofficial doubts about the results' accuracy, the December 30 election marks the first time since independence in 1960 that the government has transferred power through a democratic process (Reid 2018). When - [Engaging for Positive Peace](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/engaging-for-positive-peace/) - The leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. has been confabulated into sound bites etching his “I Have A Dream Speech” into history textbooks as if that persuaded a more just society (Theoharis 2018, 9). But in this day, like previous generations, it would be a mistake to think rhetoric builds inclusive coalitions. During that iconic - [Special Issue: Introduction](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/special-issue-introduction/) - For a dozen years Martin Luther King Jr. Legacy Studies has sparkled as a jewel in the crown of UIU’s Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program—a beacon of our commitment to social justice, human rights, and the health of our “world house.” So it is fitting that MLK Legacy Studies has produced this special issue of Penumbra to - [Reimagining American Democracy: Community not Chaos](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/reimagining-american-democracy-community-not-chaos/) - In democratic countries knowledge of how to combine is the mother of all other forms of knowledge. One may think of political associations as great free schools to which all citizens come to be taught the general theory of association. (Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America)This ugly pandemic has opened up a path to a - [Note from the Editor](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/note-from-the-editor/) - On the 57th anniversary of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech, at the Get Your Knees Off Our Necks Commitment March on August 28, 2020, organized in response to the racial injustice of police violence and voter suppression, Reverend Al Sharpton declared: Because they came in ’63, we were able to come - [You are not alone](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/you-are-not-alone/) - This piece is originally about the Black Lives Matter protests which have spread internationally, highlighting the need for a global movement that addresses human rights issues, many with a deep root in racial inequality. The COVID-19 coronavirus has highlighted the impact of continued disparities in access to healthcare, and economic, educational, and housing security due - [Trio of Photos](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/trio-of-photos/) - These photos were captured in the local aftermath of the death of George Floyd. Rioting and destruction reached far beyond Minneapolis, in the name of doing what's right. Trio-of-photos.Heather-M.-SwansonDownload - [No Breath](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/no-breath/) - breathe /brēT͟H/ verb. take air into the lungs and then expel it, especially as a regular physiological process. Breath. Breathe. Health. Equity. Safety. Freedom of speech. Wear your mask, stay inside. Don’t ask why. Yes sir. No sir. Hands up. Don’t shoot. Say their name. The culmination of stress and words, instructions, and rules as - [Fearless](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/fearless/) - Fearless depicts the resilience of the brave ones to overcome threats, suffering, and adversity to defend and preserve the race’s survival and evolution. Her frightening expression between alive or death energizes the self-rebellious spirit collectively and within to resist evil powers, the unknown and uncertain future. Liberty, in image or word, is the driving force - [Politics of Breath: Pandemic to Protest](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/politics-of-breath-pandemic-to-protest/) - This special section emerged amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. It began as a project to document the creativity and innovation that emerged as the world confronted fear, anxiety, and loss, as well as resilience and hope. However, this section took on new meaning after the death of George Floyd. The video of Derek Chauvin, the Minneapolis - [One Heroine’s Journey through the Dissertation](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/one-heroines-journey-through-the-dissertation/) - Abstract: This conceptual essay applies selected elements from Maureen Murdock’s concept of the Heroine’s Journey (Murdock 1) to characterize the doctoral program experience, focusing specifically on the dissertation process. This conceptual essay grounds a heroine’s journey in feminist pedagogy (Heinrich et al. 352-353) and highlights the often-overlooked role-negotiation process women endure as part of this - [The Exploitation and Marginalization of Contingent and Adjunct Labor](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-exploitation-and-marginalization-of-contingent-and-adjunct-labor/) - Abstract: The present situation within many institutions within higher education is that a bulk of the faculty who are teaching within the Academy are contingent faculty, or non-tenured faculty. The focus of the following paper is exploring the history, rise, and oppression of adjunct and contingent faculty. Adjunct faculty tend to be used as the - [Living in this Black Body: Ta-Nehisi Coates’ Between the World and Me (2015)](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/living-in-this-black-body-ta-nehisi-coates-between-the-world-and-me-2015/) - Abstract: This paper is based on a close reading of Coates’ autobiographical narrative, Between the World and Me (2015). It examines the ways in which the author examines the vulnerability of the black body in America. His question “how can one live within a black body, within a country lost in the Dream?” (12) is - [The Rhetoric of Beyonce's Formation](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-rhetoric-of-beyonces-formation/) - Abstract: After its release on February 6, 2016, Beyoncé Knowles’s visual song “Formation” garnered a variety of responses from popular culture critics, scholars, and public figures. If one were to listen to the music and lyrics without viewing the video, the conclusion could be drawn that the song is simply a tribute to Knowles’s southern - [In Search of My Mother’s Garden](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/in-search-of-my-mothers-garden/) - Abstract: Alice Walker is a Pulitzer Prize winner who has written several best-selling novels and has had her works inspire popular movies. In the work “In Search of My Mother’s Garden”, Walker (1983) explores the lived experience of her own mother through the perspective of African-American women both in the past and present. The words - [Flying by the seat of my pants](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/flying-by-the-seat-of-my-pants/) - “Art is not what you see, but what you make others see.” -Edgar Degas We are living in a visual world, dominated by social media and ever-changing technology. Visual learning and videoconferencing are the new norm. Researchers have found that vision surpasses all other senses, and we are 65% more likely to remember information through - [Within My Lane](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/within-my-lane/) - They told me I couldn’t do it Wasn’t made of the right stuff, They smiled sweetly, too sweetly Hinted I stay within my lane. Ma insisted this would happen Said to keep my head bowed down, Eyes on the floor, no hint of thought Happy to stay within my lane. Dad mentioned this could happen - [Gathering, On the Border...](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/gathering-on-the-border/) - The paintings shown here are about new, curious connections and confrontations between cultures, at a time when globalized living has scrambled assumptions about closeness and separation. Many represent conversations of intimate or philosophical nature between characters. They are encounters of people symbolically crossing worlds. The drawn ink marks represent the energies and forces of theuman - [Light ‘em up America!](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/light-em-up-america/) - In the middle of a rain storm,snow storm,wind storm,shit storm.Read by lighter light.Make love in the dark, then spark those blunts and butts.Set the drapes and rug on fire, watch it all crumple into ashes of what-could-have-been.Who the hell were Ozzie and Harriet anyhow, right? Light ‘em up America!Burn down the schools,churches,malls,wherever people still gather.Any - [Art Interrupted: Where are the Indigenous Women?](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/art-interrupted-where-are-the-indigenous-women/) - In my research to better understand the influence of Native American cultures on the art created by artists of the United States, I read about the history of contact between the indigenous people of North America and the ongoing appearance of immigrants from Europe. Through North America's history of interaction between these two groups, there - [Simone Weil’s Metaxu: Interrogating Truth](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/simone-weils-metaxu-interrogating-truth/) - Dorothy Tuck McFarland (1983) views Simone Weil as a "writer with profoundly holistic vision of man [sic] and his [sic] relationship to the world" (pp. 168-169). This vision is demonstrated in Weil's use of Attention, Decreation, and, most specifically, Metaxu to integrate her words into a singular and consistent corpus of literature that we find - [Black Performance Theory: The Africanist Dancing Body and Transformations Within the Mainstream](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/black-performance-theory-the-africanist-dancing-body-and-transformations-within-the-mainstream/) - Black Performance Theory, a collection of essays edited by Thomas F. DeFrantz and Anita Gonzalez, establishes Black expressive culture as an area of academic inquiry and acknowledges the emergence and dynamism of Black performativity (Gonzalez and DeFrantz 1). In the introduction, DeFrantz and Gonzalez chronicle the emergence and transformation of Black Performance Theory from Zora - [Fashion as Protest: Conversant Imagery in Jared Yazzie’s Protest Fashion Line](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/fashion-as-protest-conversant-imagery-in-jared-yazzies-protest-fashion-line/) - Protest fashion presents an external visualization of an interior life that should lead to a meaningful dialogue that leads to tolerance and understanding if not affirmation and agreement. Sarah Maisy noted that “the outfits we choose- or refuse- to wear becomes the front we offer the world…what we wear tells everyone who we are” (Maisy). - [Church Burning](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/church-burning/) - It got to the point where the town decided they’d just have to burn it down. There didn’t seem to be any other way to it, though this realization came after many hours of discussion and sometimes heated argument. The church-elder meeting that Wednesday evening ended with the menfolk agreeing with the Methodist preacher at - [James Baldwin’s Interpretation of Stagger Lee: Poetry and Politics](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/james-baldwins-interpretation-of-stagger-lee-poetry-and-politics/) - James Baldwin’s body of work represents a strong example of the intersection between politics and poetry. His keen sense of Black culture and how it bumped into White culture is reflected in his novels, essays, screenplays, speeches, and poems – he knew the context of racism and translated the context into several different art forms. - [Engaging in Difference Using Restorative Practices](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/engaging-in-difference-using-restorative-practices/) - Six hundred people from diverse backgrounds were seated in a hotel listening to a panel discussing the impact of Restorative Practices in schools. A director and a White woman shared the promising results of a randomized control study; elementary schools implementing Restorative Practices had decreased suspensions (Augustine et al. 1). Even more encouraging, this was - [Editor's Note](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/editors-note-5/) - Contemporary issues manifest in narratives, driving them to utopian or dystopian conclusions. Barnita Bagchi describes utopia as an imaginative creation of a possible world, while understanding “the fictiveness and the perpetual state of incompleteness that such worlds enshrine.” The state of the world has never been described as utopian, but many might attribute dystopian to - [Editor's Note](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/editors-note-4/) - Many an interdisciplinary researcher will question themselves, and rightly so. Altogether, disciplines are merely puzzle pieces, that when combined, lead to a bigger picture. As suggested by Allen Repko and Rick Szostack in Interdisciplinary Research: Process and Theory, to ignore one or more of the other pieces would make for a fairly haphazard puzzle - [America's Drug Policies: What Works, What Doesn't](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/americas-drug-policies-what-works-what-doesnt/) - Background Our current policy mix is not working the way we want it to. The ease with which drugs can be obtained, the price, the number of people using drugs, the violence on the border all show that. We need to rethink our responses to the health effects, the economic impacts, [sic] the effect on - [Kant We Hegel Our Way Out of This? The Problem of People in Postcolonial Studies](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/kant-we-hegel-our-way-out-of-this-the-problem-of-people-in-postcolonial-studies/) - Postcolonial theory has a people problem. By this, I do not mean to suggest those who practice, write, or otherwise espouse a postcolonial perspective on cultural affairs are somehow tricky, obtuse, or otherwise problematic to deal with in professional settings. Even if this were the case, the solution to the deficiencies in postcolonial theory - [Five Homage Poems](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/five-homage-poems/) - Four for Shepp 1. Gatefold album covers of orange inside of which Archie Shepp manifested statements of art, social responsibility, tradition— serious texts to accompany a serious music a fire music forging socio-aesthetic felt fabulae 2. poems propounding pleasure and protest (both), a tone propolict, gooey, propitious in its - [Mr. Big Stuff](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/mr-big-stuff/) - The crackling fire filled the silence among the group of strangers. Shadows danced around the surrounding forest, smoky embers rising into the cloudy night sky. “This should do for now,” said a tall, strong-jawed man. He dropped a few twigs onto the fire and then settled down, pulling his long coat tighter. He cast a - [No Place Like Home: Magical Ruralism as Cultural Discourse](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/no-place-like-home-magical-ruralism-as-cultural-discourse/) - Introduction The iconic film The Wizard of Oz (1939) begins with Dorothy (Judy Garland) desperately wanting to escape from Kansas. At its core, The Wizard of Oz is a film about a magical journey from rural Kansas to the gleaming Emerald City. This basic narrative of a young person leaving his or her rural home - [Poetry Collection](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/poetry-collection-2/) - 40 Martyrs Church, Aleppo A deacon points to each saint, identifies well known iconography in cracked French: St. John with his head on a platter, St. George and the dragon, Mary with Jesus and the Baptist, St. Joseph, the Last Judgment, the altar and the pulpit. The patriarch, Gregorius, severe Armenian, as if he - [The Dead Television](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-dead-television/) - The Dead Television Who Was Jeanne? I was Jeanne, Jeanne was I, my friends called me Moon Pie, but now I’m dead, deceased, at rest, though I still hate my ex. My husband Mick, he always won, I’d love to beat that prick, but love I did, I did, as well, I - [Poetry Collection](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/poetry-collection/) - Moscow’s Rejected Margaritas Before they found Margarita Nikolaevna, Koroviev and Azazello did most of the searching. Behemoth did some searching too, but was distracted by altogether too many things to be of much use— chess matches in the park a pawn shop (with a set of excellent dueling pistols for sale) a polka - [Trends in Substance Abuse Treatment and Application for Sex Offender Treatment](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/trends-in-substance-abuse-treatment-and-application-for-sex-offender-treatment/) - Introduction Interest in sex offenders and their treatment has been the subject of study since 1886 (Schwartz & Cellini, 1995). Since then, many changes have been made in the treatment of sex offenders. Current treatment for sex offenders includes: cognitive behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, behavior modification, harm-reduction, and self-regulation. Specifics in the type and time-frames - [Successive approximations to the ideal force prescription](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/successive-approximations-to-the-ideal-force-prescription/) - “Cop cams are inextricably tied to Taser, by far the dominant supplier, and the company will likely shape whatever the devices evolve into... Founded at one national moment of police angst, the company is using another such moment to transform from a manufacturer into a technology company. From a business perspective, body cameras are low-margin - [Untitled based on C.S. Lewis](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/untitled-based-on-c-s-lewis/) - Note: Part of the poems sent are from an erasure of C. S. Lewis’ A Grief Observed (1961). 14. All reality is iconoclastic. I must stretch the arms and hands of love to the phantasmagoria of my thoughts. I mustn’t sit down content and worship my idea. Yes, we often make this mistake. Talking - [A Review of "Women in the Church? A Historical Survey"](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/a-review-of-women-in-the-church-a-historical-survey/) - A Review of “Women in the Church? A Historical Survey” Magistra 21.2 (Winter 2015): 51-80 In her article, Women in the Church? A Historical Survey, Magdalena Kubow begins her conclusion with “the argument that women have historically participated in sacramental orders does not wish to eliminate the apostolic tradition; however, it does not regard the - [Junk and Treasure](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/junk-and-treasure/) - Junk and Treasure Every now and then I go through my “junk drawer” and choose the things I want or don’t want any more. Now, here’s a rusty key that fit an ancient clock and when the key was turned the clock would go “tick-tock.” And here’s a perfect stone, so round - [Discourse on Anxiety: An Analysis of Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper"](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/discourse-on-anxiety-an-analysis-of-gilmans-the-yellow-wallpaper/) - The concept of a rift between men and women has been a social construction that began taking profound roots in the nineteenth century Western conception of what social spheres men and women should occupy. Within the framework of these social spheres, women were treated as domestic caretakers with simple needs and desires while men were treated as a moral and scientific compass of the world. Nowhere is this more exemplified in the discourse represented in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, “The Yellow Wallpaper.” This paper will seek to explore the nature of discourse that takes place between the narrator and her husband, how the wallpaper relates to both the sociocultural and inner workings of women’s identity struggle, and how these struggles are still clear today. - [Harry's Last Trick](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/harrys-last-trick/) - Harry's Last Trick 1. The most innocuous way to begin this story is to tell you that I hit a dog. This happens to hundreds of people every day with not much recourse. Yet, I had somehow avoided this sad fate for forty-three years. The requisite guilt was intensified by all of my years - [How to Find a Black Hole in Your Kitchen Table](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/705/) - How to Find a Black Hole in Your Kitchen Table I. My brother’s fourth grade science report: A black hole happens when a large star dies and becomes as small as a pin, but still has the big-star stuff. Its gravity is so great it will suck you in. Even light can’t escape. Beneath, a - [The Powers of Poetry: Story, Symbol, and Incantation](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-powers-of-poetry-story-symbol-and-incantation/) - The Power of Poetry Introduction The healing power of poetry has been apparent to many throughout the ages. Arguments to this effect can be made by informed poets at the drop of a feathered quill. The complications we face in life: the suffering associated with failed relationships, sickness, the deaths of love ones, and so - [Editor’s Note](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/editors-note-3/) - Interdisciplinary encompasses several concepts, chief among them progression. At times, progression comprises radical change. The idea of equality for all men, regardless of class, was certainly a radical idea when Rousseau published the Discourse on the Origin and the Foundation of Inequality. He believed in waking up to a better world, one featuring revised versions - [Friendship in Frankenstein: An Artistotelian-Thomistic Analysis](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/friendship-in-frankenstein-an-artistotelian-thomistic-analysis/) - True friendship, as defined by both Aristotle and Aquinas, calls for not only a whole person development, but also a whole community development. Whole person development refers to the development of individual abilities and attributes that increase virtue or character (goodness), while whole community development refers to the development of environmental and social attributes of - [Faubourg Tremé: Cultural and Societal Progress in a Neighborhood Faced with Gentrification](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/faubourg-treme-cultural-and-societal-progress-in-a-neighborhood-faced-with-gentrification/) - Introduction In New Orleans the word for neighborhood is Faubourg. This, like so many other things in New Orleans, speaks to one of the many inherent differences between this city and others. Faubourg Tremé was established in 1842 by free people of color. It is not only the oldest black neighborhood in the United States, - [Faculty Colloquium at the Country Club](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/faculty-colloquium-at-the-country-club/) - I take my seat and look over the sunlight room. Fourteen tables draped with white privilege. Four speakers: two white men, one black man, one woman. Each scrupulously earnest, as they circle the wild dogs and boars of critical race theory, social construction, white privilege, power and prejudice, oppression. I glance around the room. - [“Welcome Home Sisters!”: A Personal and Political Education](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/welcome-home-sisters-a-personal-and-political-education/) - For Rebecca in Barter on the occasion of our 1st Michigan Womyn’s Music festival. by Caroline (and Monika) from Montreal, Canada August 16, 1987 Before Michigan I’d never seen a womon with one breast I’d never seen womyn walking nude hand in hand very simple but I’d never seen it Before Michigan I’d never seen - [Swiftly](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/swiftly/) - Ten seconds. Teresa could imagine the kernels, each golden pearl sitting amidst the wax-covered interior of the paper bag, each awaiting the seconds before they would burst with the fullness of their regal white clouds, emerging from the rigid casings into which they had been trapped for the entirety of their existence. She thought about - [Metaphor Arthritis and a Mercedes](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/metaphor-arthritis-and-a-mercedes/) - The thing about arthritis pain and the pain from loving you is how easily I manage both with impermanent remedies rather than admit each is a way of life demanding a change in my own habits. Instead of eating this cake that will surely inflame my joints and cause shooting spikes, I could choose to - [They Aren’t in the History Books: Women Artists in History](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/they-arent-in-the-history-books-women-artists-in-history/) - There is something missing in the histories of art. “What is that?” you ask. “Women artists,” will be my reply. While thumbing through older editions of art history books, it appears that art history was made, built, and sculpted primarily by men. So many beautiful pieces of art have been made by women, and yet, - [Upcountry, Tropics, The Great Synagogue of Constanta, and Statesman's Memorial](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/upcountry-tropics-the-great-synagogue-of-constanta-and-statesmans-memorial/) - Upcountry Inland wayfarers halt at a ramshackle bivouac off the beaten track by the vermeil light of sunup for last-minute victuals as they ready to surmount hurdles, their eyes aloft toward the summit distant and neutral to their quest, at best. They espy just ahead amid cacti the bleached bones of carcasses picked - [Confessions of a Study Abroad Coordinator](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/confessions-of-a-study-abroad-coordinator/) - What was going through his mind as the water rose above his head? Was he thinking about his mother back home? Was he hoping someone would look over to see him struggling? Surely someone had to notice how he was grasping for the rocks, or heard his calls for help as he coughed up the - [“So . . . who are you now?”: Performing Women in Stage Beauty’s English Restoration](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/so-who-are-you-now-performing-women-in-stage-beautys-english-restoration/) - The 2004 film, Stage Beauty, set during the English Restoration, focuses on a male actor, Ned Kynaston, who specializes in portraying female roles and who receives much professional and personal validation for his performances. In the film, as in real life, King Charles II lifts the ban on women acting on the stage. Throughout the - [Editor's Note](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/editors-note-2/) - The need to translate experience into something resembling adequate language is the writer’s blessing or the writer’s disease, depending on your point of view. That’s why Whitman isn’t sure if what sings to him is a demon or a bird. If it is indeed a symptom of a problem, of life not having been really - [Aether](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/aether/) - DAY 3 The last thing I’d heard from them was they would come for me, that they would be here in three days. Today was day three. Then a pop and crackle on the radio. Then a voice. “Gauthier? Gauthier, come in.” I rush to the radio and respond, “Yes?” “Do you have any idea - [Tokyo Tropes in Nebulas and Neighborhoods: Five Locations from Eternity to Home in Tokyo](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/tokyo-tropes-in-nebulas-and-neighborhoods-five-locations-from-eternity-to-home-in-tokyo/) - "At one end of the spectrum, photographs are objective data; at the other end, they are items of psychological science fiction." —Susan Sontag, On Photography, p 163 Let’s start in Yokohama at the red brick warehouses that withstood the 1923 Great Earthquake. In my constructed image where three unearthly objects hover in the night sky, - [The Honor of God with Kierekegaard: A Kierkegaardian View of the Play 'Becket'](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-honor-of-god-with-kierekegaard-a-kierkegaardian-view-of-the-play-becket/) - Introduction Using a highly apropos line from the film Becket, I will preface this work by stating that these are only the “clumsy musings of a spiritual gatecrasher.” Understanding nineteenth century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard’s stages of existence is not an easy task when examined only through his writings. Thus it can be very pedagogically useful - [The Day Trip](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-day-trip/) - The air outside the car windows already has an early spring tone here: sun-warmed yet not fully soft, still vaguely fragile. If this were home, there would be late forsythia, early daffodils. Instead, trees bright with lemons flash by. In the fields beyond, then suddenly quite close, white blimps float overhead, filming the sky. Heading - [Steak and Wine](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/steak-and-wine/) - Kate moved as quickly as she could, lifting food from the cart, placing items onto the belt. Several boxes of macaroni and cheese, because she could fill the bellies of the whole family for less than a dollar and fifty cents. Margarine: poison to a healthy body and she knew it, but butter cost ten - [Beyond Colonization: Polyphony, Alterity, Humor and Wisdom in Louise Erdrich’s 'Four Souls'](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/beyond-colonization-polyphony-alterity-humor-and-wisdom-in-louise-erdrichs-four-souls/) - Louise Erdrich’s novel Four Souls presents complex and sometimes surprising alliances. Her characters engage in a discourse well beyond that which can be read as a simple criticism of historical practices of allotment and land ownership. Rather than dichotomize good and evil— although elements of the latter loom large—Erdrich emphasizes relationships, in order to challenge - [The Art of Interdependence: Autonomy, Heteronomy, and Social Support in Shannon Jackson’s Criticism of Contemporary Art Social Practices](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-art-of-interdependence-autonomy-heteronomy-and-social-support-in-shannon-jacksons-criticism-of-contemporary-art-social-practices/) - Shannon Jackson’s critical work in performance studies has led her to a vital connection between the professional “inter-dependence” exhibited by those who make theatrical productions successful and a similar ethic that drives much of the participatory social practice art that is on the rise in the visual artworld. Post-studio visual art practices that enlist non-artist - [A Call Against the Dark](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/a-call-against-the-dark/) - The world is full of propensity towards something, tendency towards something, latency of something, and this intended something means fulfillment of the intending. It means a world which is more adequate for us, without degrading suffering, anxiety, self-alienation, nothingness. However, this tendency is in flux, as one that has precisely the Novum in front of - [Sam Shepard and Neil Simon: Aesthetic-Moralist Currents in American Drama](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/sam-shepard-and-neil-simon-aesthetic-moralist-currents-in-american-drama/) - …the poet’s traditional function on behalf of society… proposed to make virtue delicious. He compounded a moral effect with an aesthetic effect…. The name of the moral effect was goodness; the name of the aesthetic effect was beauty. — John Crowe Ransom, “Poets Without Laurels” Introduction John Crowe Ransom’s quote epitomizes a coalescence of aesthetic - [An Afrofuturist Africana Womanist Affair](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/an-afrofuturist-africana-womanist-affair/) - The Sexy Part of the Bible Kola Boof Akashic Books, 2011 It’s easy to assume that Kola Boof’s 2011 novel The Sexy Part of the Bible contains long-lost messages from ancient sages, and perhaps it does, but not in the way one would think. The title, according to an audio recording of Boof discussing the - [The Evidence of Things Not Seen](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-evidence-of-things-not-seen/) - I was. There you were and I was looking at a newspaper with my body in the body of your imagination. The hope of your return kept my blood running through windy plains. I paced up and down a nervous room of frail voices. What if you do not arrive! I assert that you are - [The Sneetches: Dr. Seuss’s Critique of Consumer Culture and Classism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-sneetches-dr-seusss-critique-of-consumer-culture-and-classism/) - Much has been written about the ways in which “The Sneetches” by Dr. Seuss critiques antisemitism and racism. Philip Nel notes that Seuss, whose legal name was Theodor Seuss Geisel, had been sketching out what was to become the Sneetches as early as 1953, when a single illustration of the Sneetches appeared with three paragraphs - [Sergeant O’Donnell](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/sergeant-odonnell/) - For Charles In the photo Your camouflaged face, green-brown, a smile, an AK47. Somalia. In one month, in the bullet-pocked hospital, you delivered eighty babies. All dead. And they called this a relief mission. Who exactly were you relieving? Now, years later, you sit across from me in a chic Woodstock restaurant eating tiny rolled - [One Woman’s Journey as a Medical Cannabis Patient](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/one-womans-journey-as-a-medical-cannabis-patient/) - For much of my adult life, I have been a closeted cannabis user. I’ve nearly always kept a small stash of marijuana and a pipe hidden in a safe in the back of my bedroom closet. At the end of many a long work day, after I’ve tucked my six children safely into bed, cleaned, - [Correcting Capitalism: King’s Critique of Economic Injustice](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/correcting-capitalism-kings-critique-of-economic-injustice/) - King’s concept of the beloved community formed his ideas about American capitalism, whose excesses he saw as related to the racism and violence he fought against. King embraced Frederick Douglass’s passion to correct economic injustice, as well as the fierce self-reliance of Booker T. Washington, both of whom were King’s role models. The dignity of - [the wreck of the Hesperus](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-wreck-of-the-hesperus/) - or what’s it called in Humphrey Jennings half-sunk in Thames with the river down and no water in the hoses for the incendiaries ay they drew upon it then for God’s sake there you have the answer Son the celestial city - [shipmate](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/shipmate/) - I give you these mates lively on things as masts casks rigging sails truncheons you mean davits I mean belaying pins boy and don’t you forget it on the briny sea waves on wind and weather boy and clouds - [ahoy](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/ahoy/) - throw out the lifeline with Giotto’s O at the end of it O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag you know the one brush up your Shakespeare and the women you will wow hum a few bars and the boys in the band will fake it - [salvage](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/salvage/) - And Muss saved, rem salvavit, in Spain il salvabile. Canto CV you have the story of the shipwreck engrained upon you as the suck of babes from the mother’s womb practically and so forth and the remedy so there all of us are and the conditions of the shipwreck - [Nomadic Borderlands](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/nomadic-borderlands/) - We all have a body; this is obvious. Our lives are structured by our body: When we are hungry, we eat. When we are cold, we cover up. When we are tired, we sleep. Yet how do we actually understand our relationship with our body? Is our body more than these physical indicators? Does our - [Yo Protesto! Puerto Rican Anti-Vietnam War and Pro-Independence Protests](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/yo-protesto-puerto-rican-anti-vietnam-war-and-pro-independence-protests/) - The American sphere of interest, per the Monroe Doctrine (1823), arguably inducted several Latin American countries into the United States’ habit of interfering with other countries when U.S. interests were at stake. Paradoxically, as Historian Michael Parenti points out: “Not many Americans could put together two intelligent sentences about the histories of Mexico, Canada, Puerto - [The Old Yellow Dog](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-old-yellow-dog/) - Nathan was frozen. He carried a cold shotgun with mittened hands. He followed the procession out of the woodland of his childhood like a performer in a parade. It was a sad parade, like a funeral parade. The weary men tramped through the brushwood on and on across treacherous uneven ground leaving their tracks in - [Conquest Narratives and Social Activism in Latin America](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/conquest-narratives-and-social-activism-in-latin-america/) - Modern scholars find ample opportunities to critique the work of their predecessors, and in many ways this reflects the mission of the academy: to build upon current knowledge by not only seeking voids but also by designing methods to fill them. At times, in the pursuit for truth it is easy to forget that contemporary - [A Poetic Politics of Place: Desire and Dwelling in the Works of Jimmy Santiago Baca and Terry Tempest Williams](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/a-poetic-politics-of-place-desire-and-dwelling-in-the-works-of-jimmy-santiago-baca-and-terry-tempest-williams/) - Jimmy Santiago Baca and Terry Tempest Williams exemplify in their poems and prose the desire of humans to merge with the natural world that they inhabit. Place gets made, in part, through poetic response, a response of the body, mind, and heart to environment. It is important that each of these writers chooses to experience - [An Interview with Myriam J.A. Chancy](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/an-interview-with-myriam-chancy/) - Myriam J.A. Chancy is a Haitian-Canadian writer born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and subsequently raised there and in Canada. After obtaining her BA in English/Philosophy (with Honors), from the University of Manitoba (1989) and her MA in English Literature from Dalhousie University (1990), she completed her PhD in English at the University of Iowa (1994). In - [Excerpt from The Loneliness of Angels](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/excerpt-from-the-loneliness-of-angels/) - January 1958, Port-au-PrinceBruises, scrapes, smears of pressed dust dusky against the white of her sleeping robe. There isn’t any way to hide. Not any more. The city is on fire. Rose is standing in the middle of the flames. Under cover of night, they find her in the kitchen. They come in their bedclothes and - [Editors' Note](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/editors-note/) - Welcome to the inaugural issue of Penumbra. It is with pleasure and pride that we roll out what we hope will be a significant contribution to scholarship in the twenty-first century. - [Ravishing Scheme](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/ravishing-scheme/) - 1 no singing pours out onto the sidewalk stood our dream, no cowardly wind crests, no waiting for a nod to leave, no bright sun beckons and no hollow moon howls and we are not moving on but engulfed by out loneliness as the bus stops 2 when every past address and passage is a - [A Shiny Pink Bra](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/a-shiny-pink-bra/) - (From the Bronx Stories collection) I wanted that new shiny pink bra with the bow in the center, even though I was too young to need one. It would be years before I could wear it but I wanted it mostly because it was new. Most everything I wore as a child was ropa vieja, - [Fourth of July at Toscano](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/fourth-of-july-at-toscano/) - From our table by the window we watch a constant procession of leashed Poodles, Collies, Corgis and mutts on Charles Street’s cracked brick sidewalk, one Collie wears a flag tucked into its star-studded collar and a fat man in baggy shorts wears a red, white and blue USA top hat, our waitress recites house specials - [“The Ruse of Analogy”: Blackness in Asian American and Disability Studies](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/the-ruse-of-analogy-blackness-in-asian-american-and-disability-studies/) - Min Hyoung Song recently highlighted a disavowed yet structurally inevitable entanglement between blackness and Asian Americans in U.S. civil society when he noted that Asian Americans are becoming “less of a model whose successes specifically berate blacks and other racial minorities for their lack of resolve and more a kind of, for lack of a - [Truth in Literature: A Comparative Perspective](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/truth-in-literature-a-comparative-perspective/) - It might seem hopelessly quaint, even naїve, to write about truth in literature in an age when, at least in the realm of theory, postmodernism and poststructuralism have accustomed us to be skeptical of truth. While both related (or at least often linked) theories are still prevalent, this article will argue that they have never - [Darkness Denied: An Exploration of the Predilection for Light](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/darkness-denied-an-exploration-of-the-predilection-for-light/) - And the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness does not comprehend it - The Gospel According to John 1:5 (p. 713). The light from above made the darkness still darker; but the lumen naturae is the light of the darkness itself, which illuminates its own darkness, and this light the darkness comprehends. Therefore - [Blind Justice](https://unionpenumbra.org/article/blind-justice/) ## Categories - [Uncategorized](https://unionpenumbra.org/category/uncategorized/) - [Fiction](https://unionpenumbra.org/category/fiction/) - [Poetry](https://unionpenumbra.org/category/poetry/) - [Critical Writing](https://unionpenumbra.org/category/essay/) - [Interview](https://unionpenumbra.org/category/interview/) - [Artwork](https://unionpenumbra.org/category/artwork/) ## Tags - [issue](https://unionpenumbra.org/tag/issue/) ## Issues - [Fall 2013](https://unionpenumbra.org/issue/2013-fall/) - [Spring 2015](https://unionpenumbra.org/issue/2015-spring/) - [Spring 2016](https://unionpenumbra.org/issue/2016-spring/) - [Fall 2017](https://unionpenumbra.org/issue/fall-2017/) - [Summer 2018](https://unionpenumbra.org/issue/summer-2018/) - [Summer 2019](https://unionpenumbra.org/issue/summer-2019/) - [Fall 2020, Volume 7](https://unionpenumbra.org/issue/fall-2020/) - [Volume 8, Issue 1, Summer 2021](https://unionpenumbra.org/issue/volume-8-issue-1/) ## Article Categories - [Editorial](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-categories/editorial/) - [Creative Nonfiction](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-categories/creative-nonfiction/) - [Visual Art](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-categories/visual-art/) - [Criticism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-categories/essay/) - [Reviews](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-categories/reviews/) - [Autoethnography](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-categories/autoethnography/) - [Fiction](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-categories/fiction/) - [Poetry](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-categories/poetry/) - [Interview](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-categories/interview/) - [Introduction](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-categories/introduction/) ## Article Tags - [literature](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/literature/) - [criticism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/criticism/) - [civil rights](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/civil-rights/) - [fiction](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/fiction/) - [hybrid](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/hybrid/) - [creative](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/creative/) - [india](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/india/) - [Dr. King](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/dr-king/) - [capitalism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/capitalism/) - [historiography](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/historiography/) - [Puerto Rico](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/puerto-rico/) - [vietnam](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/vietnam/) - [war](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/war/) - [resistence](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/resistence/) - [latino](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/latino/) - [latin america](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/latin-america/) - [catholicism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/catholicism/) - [activism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/activism/) - [poetry](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/poetry/) - [mulrooney](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/mulrooney/) - [book review](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/book-review/) - [african american literature](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/african-american-literature/) - [afrofuturism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/afrofuturism/) - [feminism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/feminism/) - [kris hege](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/kris-hege/) - [women](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/women/) - [michigan](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/michigan/) - [festival](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/festival/) - [lgbt](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/lgbt/) - [race](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/race/) - [class](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/class/) - [country club](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/country-club/) - [Faubourg](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/faubourg/) - [Tremé](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/treme/) - [Cultural](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/cultural/) - [Societal](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/societal/) - [Progress](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/progress/) - [Neighborhood](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/neighborhood/) - [Gentrification](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/gentrification/) - [louisiana](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/louisiana/) - [Frankenstein](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/frankenstein/) - [friendship](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/friendship/) - [literary analysis](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/literary-analysis/) - [aquinas](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/aquinas/) - [aristotle](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/aristotle/) - [mary shelley](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/mary-shelley/) - [gothic studies](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/gothic-studies/) - [editorial](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/editorial/) - [interdisciplinary](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/interdisciplinary/) - [journal](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/journal/) - [critical](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/critical/) - 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[junk](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/junk/) - [treasure](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/treasure/) - [imagery](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/imagery/) - [toys](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/toys/) - [old](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/old/) - [memories](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/memories/) - [review](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/review/) - [church](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/church/) - [catholic](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/catholic/) - [history](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/history/) - [religion](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/religion/) - [roman](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/roman/) - [patriarchy](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/patriarchy/) - [ordain](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/ordain/) - [short story](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/short-story/) - [violence](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/violence/) - [police](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/police/) - [danger](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/danger/) - [safety](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/safety/) - [police state](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/police-state/) - [technology](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/technology/) - [sex offender](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/sex-offender/) - [treatment](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/treatment/) - [drug treatment](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/drug-treatment/) - [policy](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/policy/) - [trends](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/trends/) - [america](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/america/) - [united states](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/united-states/) - [drug policy](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/drug-policy/) - [abuse](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/abuse/) - [definitions](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/definitions/) - [enforcement](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/enforcement/) - [proposal](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/proposal/) - 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[Hobson](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/hobson/) - [Lenin](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/lenin/) - [Orientalism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/orientalism/) - [Anthropocentrism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/anthropocentrism/) - [perspectives](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/perspectives/) - [difference](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/difference/) - [utopia](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/utopia/) - [whiteness](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/whiteness/) - [normative](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/normative/) - [restorative](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/restorative/) - [understanding](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/understanding/) - [hierarchy](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/hierarchy/) - [space](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/space/) - [learning](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/learning/) - [education](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/education/) - [social](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/social/) - 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[Gardening](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/gardening/) - [discrimination](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/discrimination/) - [Black Women](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/black-women/) - [Creativity](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/creativity/) - [Social media](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/social-media/) - [Diabetes](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/diabetes/) - [health](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/health/) - [university](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/university/) - [labor](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/labor/) - [adjunct](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/adjunct/) - [explotation](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/explotation/) - [Beyonce](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/beyonce/) - [Mami Wata](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/mami-wata/) - [Formation](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/formation/) - [African American](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/african-american/) - [Ta-Nehisi Coates](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/ta-nehisi-coates/) - [Between the World & Me](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/between-the-world-me/) - [Close reading](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/close-reading/) - [COVID-19](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/covid-19/) - [Pandemic](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/pandemic/) - [racism](https://unionpenumbra.org/article-tags/racism/)